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Classes 4–12 · Digital literacy and AI

What is AI? The four words everyone mixes up

Most people use four words as if they mean the same thing: AI, machine learning, generative AI, and ChatGPT. They are not the same. They are four boxes, and each one fits inside the one before it — which is why "we're adding AI" is almost never a useful sentence on its own.

The four boxes, biggest first

Artificial Intelligence is the whole field — any machine doing something we would call thinking. It has existed since the 1950s. A chess program is AI.

Machine learning is one way of doing AI: instead of being given the rules, the machine works them out from examples. Spam filters and video recommendations are machine learning.

Generative AI is machine learning that makes new things — text, pictures, music — rather than only sorting things that already exist.

A large language model (LLM) is generative AI for text. ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini are all LLMs. This is the one almost everybody actually means when they say "AI".

Why the difference matters

When a company says it has "added AI", the useful question is: which of the four? A spam filter and a chatbot are both truthfully AI, and they are nothing alike.

It also tells you what to expect when it fails. A chess program does not invent moves that do not exist. A language model absolutely will invent a book that does not exist, because making new text is the whole thing it does.

What an LLM is not

It is not a search engine, and it is not a database. There is nothing inside it to look up.

It read an enormous amount of text and kept only the patterns — a bit like how you know how to write a birthday message without remembering every birthday message you have ever read.

The four, side by side

Artificial Intelligencethe whole field, since the 1950s
→ Machine learninglearns rules from examples
→ → Generative AImakes new things
→ → → Large language modelmakes new text — this is ChatGPT

Four different sizes, not four names for one thing. Every LLM is AI; almost nothing that is AI is an LLM.

Practice

Is a calculator AI?
Show the answer
No.
A calculator follows rules a person wrote. Nothing was learnt from examples, so it is not machine learning, and it makes nothing new.
Is a spam filter AI?
Show the answer
Yes — machine learning, but not generative AI.
It learnt from examples of spam. But it sorts existing emails rather than writing new ones.
Is ChatGPT machine learning?
Show the answer
Yes.
It is an LLM, which sits inside generative AI, which sits inside machine learning, which sits inside AI. All four are true of it at once.

Do it, don't read it

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Common questions

Is AI the same as a robot?
No. A robot is a body; AI is the deciding part. Plenty of AI has no body at all, and plenty of robots have no AI in them.
Which one should students learn about first?
Large language models, because that is what they will actually use. But it helps to know the other three exist, so "AI" stops sounding like one magic thing.

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